Each Gyan Vani radio station caters to a service area of around 60 km radius and can be received on normal FM radio sets. The programming mainly aims at local educational needs in the local language. The help of local educational institutions and educationists is sought in programme production.
Live programmes with phone-in interactivity is a notable feature of Gyan Vani stations, which are particularly popular with the student population. Resource persons present in the studio explain the topic of the day after which a live question- answer session follows. Students from some select cities in the country can phone- in by using a toll free number and get their doubts cleared in real time. These phone-in counselling sessions are a boon to distance education students as they provide the much needed interactivity and human touch.
It is a cooperative venture for pooling, sharing, and optimisation of library resources in the country. It aims to provide a channel to the academicians and researchers for exchange of information from sources within the country and abroad. It is a major programme towards modernisation of libraries and information services in the country, using computer and communication technologies.
All the disciplines such as science, technology, medicine, agriculture, fine arts, humanities, social sciences, etc. Communication is used as an empowerment tool for developing society. In other words, communication is used as a tool to facilitate the participation of people in development activities.
Millions of people in developing countries are excluded from a wide range of information and knowledge, with the rural poor in particular remaining isolated from both traditional media and new information and communication technologies which would improve their life. It is about using communication to change or improve something. The messages which are designed to transform the behavior of people or for improving their quality of life can be termed as development communication and these messages used to change the socio-economic condition of people.
Even after the advent of electronic media-like radio and television, the print media has not lost its charm or relevance. Print media has the advantage of making a longer impact on the minds of the reader with more in-depth reporting and analysis. The contribution of print media in providing information and transfer of knowledge is remarkable.
Now-a-days, print media is faster than all ever before due to amazing advances in technology in recent years. Technical breakthroughs alter the way we perceive the universe and manner in which we communicate with one another. The transfer of complex information, ideas and concepts from one individual to another, or to a group, underwent extreme evolution since prehistoric times.
It has been 30, years later since the first recorded evidence of written communication and it is still dramatically changing. The Press in India, particularly the Indian language newspapers, was in the forefront of the struggle for freedom.
Many leaders from Mahatma Gandhi downwards used their newspapers to activate the people to participate in the freedom struggle. But the newspapers are no longer active in the fight against poverty, disease, illiteracy and superstition. Political leaders used the Press to rouse the people. It was, therefore, natural that the British rulers of India used every weapon in their armoury to silence the nationalist press.
Newspapers always had the sword of Damocles hanging over their head. Security was asked at the slightest pretext and editors and publishers were prosecuted for sedition. Some editors were even transported to the Andaman. For the editors and people who worked in newspapers, journalism was a mission. Even captains of commerce who published newspapers treated this activity as their contribution to the struggle for freedom.
Wages for journalists were poor and there was no security. Newspaper publication was not profitable and journalism was not paying as compared to other professions but things changed after Independence and each year saw acceleration in change. In India, whilst newspapers came much later as opposed to Europe or America, it has a rich pedigree of being a witness and a catalyst to the birth and growth of the nation. Although the paper was rather frivolous in nature as it mostly only published gossip and advertisements, the thriving media industry owes its existence to James Augustus Hickey and his Gazette.
Interestingly, the Bombay Courier later merged with the Times of India newspaper. In , the first regional language newspaper Samachar Darpan was published in Bengali. The Bombay Samachar started in , remains to this day the oldest newspaper in Asia. In the pre independence era, newspapers had one agenda in their minds — to further their ideology. Bal Ganghadar Tilak is a prominent stalwart of the pre-independence era and a revolutionary leader who used his newspaper as a vehicle of communicating his ideas and ideals of the freedom struggle.
Kesari, which was established in , was published in Marathi. Prior to , the newspaper industry had only one goal — to proliferate the cause of Independence. After India became Independent in , British owners of the newspapers like The Times of India also left the country, handing over the businesses to Indian companies.
Editors of profreedom struggle Indian newspapers had anti-British stance till These newspapers gradually changed their approach; some became pro-establishment and the others adopted aggressive anti-establishment strategies. The publishers during the subsequent decades expanded their groups and chains with additions of new editions at other centers or new publications.
It means after the independence of India scene of print media has changed. There has been a phenomenal rise in the number of newspapers and their circulation.
The number of pages has increased. The quality of production has improved all rounds. Even medium Indian language newspapers have taken advantage of the advances in printing and communication technology to bring out multiple edition dailies. The best example of this one is Daily Sakaal which is among the first newspapers not only in Maharashtra but also in India, to have adopted modern management systems and processes. It has deployed the latest technology made available through partners who are world leaders in their areas of specialisation.
What is more, being rooted in the soil they are more aware of local problems and so they playing active role in the fight against poverty, disease, illiteracy and superstition. Colour printing has made the newspapers more attractive. Areas of national activity like commerce now find a prominent place in almost all-Indian language newspapers. New sectors of commerce and industry became available to businessmen. They found newspapers useful in influencing the Government and the people.
Some British-owned newspapers passed into Indian hands and started newspapers in Hindi and other Indian languages. The government accepted the demand for security of service for people working in newspapers and news agencies.
All this helped in the growth in the number of newspapers and their circulation. The eighties and nineties saw the growth of medium Indian language newspapers. They adapted the latest printing and communication technology to bring out multiple editions. After Freedom: Post , newspapers in India had a choice to make — either align with the government and support all its initiatives or act as a critique to the newly democratised country and its head.
Newspapers at first acted as unofficial sponsors of its various initiatives and schemes. The five year plan especially came highly endorsed by the national newspapers.
Most of the newspapers in India came into existence post-independence. Today thousands of magazines and newspapers are in circulation. Whilst in the early days of democracy, the Indian government enjoyed full support of the media houses. In the pre-Independence era, the editorial in a newspaper was widely read for the lead it gave and used newspaper as an instrument of social change. But in the new era, the editorial became shorter in length and weak in impact.
Therefore, they closed down serious literary and political publications so as to retain the profit from the flagship publications. Presently in the 21st century, Indian print media is one of the largest print media in the world. The Times of India being the 8th most circulated newspaper in the world. With a daily circulation of 3. While Hindi dailies Dainik Bhaskar 2. The monthly magazines are the best way to bring attention to any advertisements.
Like, a local newspaper is the best way to spread news about any local event of the place. This is definitely a great boost to attract readership. Instead, the internet has a much wider reach than print media in this. In this case, you are faced with flexibility problem, particularly when you work in tight deadlines. On the other hand, a person can get access to the internet from anywhere and everywhere.
Plus, the lifespan of newspaper and magazines is very short as people have a tendency to throw them or keep them aside after one day of read. Related Papers.
By Indrajit Bhattacharya. By Arnab Kundu. By Ankuran Dutta and Gitali Kakati. Today screens render mostly using progressive scan technique. Progressive is a way of displaying, storing, or transmitting moving images in which all the lines of each frame are drawn in sequence. Now we have an idea about how an image is represented digitally, how its colors are arranged, how many bits per second do we spend to show a video, if it's constant CBR or variable VBR , with a given resolution using a given frame rate and many other terms such as interlaced, PAR and others.
You can check most of the explained properties with ffmpeg or mediainfo. In order to do this, we can exploit how our vision works. We're better at distinguishing brightness than colors, the repetitions in time , a video contains a lot of images with few changes, and the repetitions within the image , each frame also contains many areas using the same or similar color.
Our eyes are more sensitive to brightness than colors , you can test it for yourself, look at this picture. If you are unable to see that the colors of the squares A and B are identical on the left side, that's fine, it's our brain playing tricks on us to pay more attention to light and dark than color. There is a connector, with the same color, on the right side so we our brain can easily spot that in fact, they're the same color.
Simplistic explanation of how our eyes work The eye is a complex organ , it is composed of many parts but we are mostly interested in the cones and rods cells. The eye contains about million rod cells and 6 million cone cells. To oversimplify , let's try to put colors and brightness in the eye's parts function.
The rod cells are mostly responsible for brightness while the cone cells are responsible for color , there are three types of cones, each with different pigment, namely: S-cones Blue , M-cones Green and L-cones Red. Since we have many more rod cells brightness than cone cells color , one can infer that we are more capable of distinguishing dark and light than colors. Researchers of experimental psychology and many other fields have developed many theories on human vision.
And one of them is called Contrast sensitivity functions. They are related to spatio and temporal of the light and their value presents at given init light, how much change is required before an observer reported there was a change. Notice the plural of the word "function", this is for the reason that we can measure Contrast sensitivity functions with not only black-white but also colors. The result of these experiments shows that in most cases our eyes are more sensitive to brightness than color.
Once we know that we're more sensitive to luma the brightness in an image we can try to exploit it. We first learned how to color images work using the RGB model , but there are other models too.
This color model uses Y to represent the brightness and two color channels Cb chroma blue and Cr chroma red. Using this model we can create full colored images as we can see down below. Some may argue, how can we produce all the colors without using the green?
We'll use the coefficients from the standard BT. And we can also convert it back and even get the green by using YCbCr. Generally, displays monitors, TVs, screens and etc utilize only the RGB model , organized in different manners, see some of them magnified below:. With the image represented as luma and chroma components, we can take advantage of the human visual system's greater sensitivity for luma resolution rather than chroma to selectively remove information.
Chroma subsampling is the technique of encoding images using less resolution for chroma than for luma. How much should we reduce the chroma resolution?! These schemas are known as subsampling systems and are expressed as a 3 part ratio - a:x:y which defines the chroma resolution in relation to a a x 2 block of luma pixels.
An exception to this exists with , which provides a single chroma sample within each 4 x 4 block of luma resolution. Common schemes used in modern codecs are: no subsampling , , , , and You can follow some discussions to learn more about Chroma Subsampling. Here's a merged piece of an image using YCbCr , notice that we only spend 12 bits per pixel. You can see the same image encoded by the main chroma subsampling types, images in the first row are the final YCbCr while the last row of images shows the chroma resolution.
It's indeed a great win for such small loss. Previously we had calculated that we needed GB of storage to keep a video file with one hour at p resolution and 30fps. Previously we needed 24 bits, now we only need You can check the YCbCr histogram with ffmpeg. This scene has a higher blue contribution, which is showed by the histogram. Watch this incredible video explaining what is luma and learn about luminance, gamma, and color. You can visualize the Y intensity for a given line of a video using FFmpeg's oscilloscope filter.
Now we can move on and try to eliminate the redundancy in time but before that let's establish some basic terminology.
Suppose we have a movie with 30fps, here are its first 4 frames. We can see lots of repetitions within frames like the blue background , it doesn't change from frame 0 to frame 3. To tackle this problem, we can abstractly categorize them as three types of frames.
An I-frame reference, keyframe, intra is a self-contained frame. It doesn't rely on anything to be rendered, an I-frame looks similar to a static photo. The first frame is usually an I-frame but we'll see I-frames inserted regularly among other types of frames. A P-frame takes advantage of the fact that almost always the current picture can be rendered using the previous frame.
For instance, in the second frame, the only change was the ball that moved forward. We can rebuild frame 1, only using the difference and referencing to the previous frame.
Since a P-frame uses less data why can't we encode an entire video with a single I-frame and all the rest being P-frames? After you encoded this video, start to watch it and do a seek for an advanced part of the video, you'll notice it takes some time to really move to that part.
That's because a P-frame needs a reference frame I-frame for instance to be rendered. Another quick test you can do is to encode a video using a single I-Frame and then encode it inserting an I-frame each 2s and check the size of each rendition. What about referencing the past and future frames to provide even a better compression?! That's basically what a B-frame is. You can generate two renditions, first with B-frames and other with no B-frames at all and check the size of the file as well as the quality.
These frames types are used to provide better compression. We'll look how this happens in the next section, but for now we can think of I-frame as expensive while P-frame is cheaper but the cheapest is the B-frame. Let's explore the options we have to reduce the repetitions in time , this type of redundancy can be solved with techniques of inter prediction.
We will try to spend fewer bits to encode the sequence of frames 0 and 1. One thing we can do it's a subtraction, we simply subtract frame 1 from frame 0 and we get just what we need to encode the residual. But what if I tell you that there is a better method which uses even fewer bits?! First, let's treat the frame 0 as a collection of well-defined partitions and then we'll try to match the blocks from frame 0 on frame 1.
We can think of it as motion estimation. The source blocks typically overlap in the source frame. I need Reinforced Concrete design book by N Subramanian pdf , email it to midunsm gmail. Sign in. Log into your account. Forgot your password? Password recovery. Minimum system requirements for Nero Platinum. For laptops with two integrated mobile graphics cards, we strongly recommend updating the mobile graphics card drivers for your laptop directly from the system manufacturer's website only Special minimum requirements for playback, transcoding and video editing of H.
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